Bruce Dawe Essay Example

Bruce Dawe Essay Exchange in text, adds to our comprehension about individuals, social issues and life. Sonnets that utilization exchange incorporate ‘Weapons Training’, ‘Pleasant Sunday Afternoon’ and ‘Enter without such a large amount of knocking’, composed by Bruce Dawe. The subjects these sonnets express incorporate make progress toward bliss and satisfaction and benefit as much as possible from life. Another content that additionally shows these subjects is ‘Friday’ coordinated by F. Gary Gray. This article will investigate the investigation of exchange and how it gives a superior comprehension of human instinct and connections. The sonnet ‘Weapons Training’ composed by Bruce Dawe is monolog from military teacher that is addressing initiates on what to do in a fight circumstance. Dawe communicates his thoughts regarding military life utilizing strategies, for example, amusing tone and clear symbolism. Dawe utilizes diverting tone in the sonnet to communicate how the speaker is of a higher position and hence exceptionally self-assured, as a result of this he embarrasses his enlisted people. A case of this is the point at which the speaker says ‘open that channel you call a brain and listen’ the speaker says this to cause the enlisted people to feel little and unprotected so they conform. We will compose a custom paper test on Bruce Dawe explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Bruce Dawe explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Bruce Dawe explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This procedure is additionally utilized in the film ‘Friday’ where smokey is educating Craig regarding how deebo (the local harasser) has a brain power over him yet is extremely dreadful of deebo. A case of this is when smokey says â€Å"I dealt with Deebo. He resemble shut the f**k up. I hush up. Yet, when he leave, I be talking once more. † This is all so the enlisted people focus on what he says so they ideally endure fight. Distinctive symbolism is utilized by Dawe to show the volunteers and perusers what can occur in war, ‘they’re on you and your tripe’s are around your neck’, and this is stating that if the enlisted people don’t listen they might be murdered. Incongruity is utilized all through the sonnet; a case of this is the title â€Å"Pleasant Sunday Afternoon† the title cajoles you to accept that the sonnet is about a â€Å"pleasant† Sunday evening, he decides to do this with the goal that the peruser can have the idea of a sprightly sonnet; anyway this isn't the situation. The sonnet presents a circumstance of miscommunication and comprehension. â€Å"Enter Without So Much as Knocking† by Bruce Dawe is a case of a free stanza sonnet since it abstains from any example or rhyme. The sonnet gives off an impression of resembling a typical discourse discussion. This sort of structure features and accentuates the sonnet, making a great deal of feeling. The subject of this sonnet is human condition since it incorporates the existence cycle. It is about the life of a man from the day he showed up on earth to the day he left. It likewise considers the pointlessness of life by communicating all the principles and guidelines we have controlling our lives. This identifies with the statement since it indicating an away from of our life on this planet. Dawe shows that everything on our planet is â€Å"fixed up†; it is rarely left immaculate and characteristic. â€Å"A unadulterated edge of sky, covered with gaze nobody had got around to repairing yet†, which makes incongruity due to the word â€Å"littered† since the stars are the main unadulterated thing Dawe makes reference to in the sonnet. Dawe utilizes misrepresentation to communicate humor, so as to show the negative parts of life. The outrageous utilization of misrepresentation is conveyed in the line â€Å"NO BREATHING EXCEPT BY ORDER. Be careful With THIS. WATCH OUT FOR THAT†. Three of the verses in youth and middle age start with connect words: However, Anyway, Now, They speak to the quick pace of the sonnet and life. Through the sonnet ‘Enter Without So Much as Knocking’, Bruce Dawe utilizes lovely systems to communicate his message. Dawe utilizes methods, for example, basic, clear language and Catch 22 to verbalize his interests for contemporary society, especially the childishness and consumerist esteems that corrupt the ethical honesty of its occupants. To additionally underscore his interests and disappointment towards the general public, Dawe utilizes an unknown hero to infer that anybody could identified with it in this manner making a feeling of understanding and compelling feelings inside the crowd. Bruce Dawe has utilized graphic language to clarify on the materialistic world he accepts he lives in. Graphic language is a typical procedure utilized in messages yet extremely powerful and in this sonnet, Dawe has utilized it to allegorically portray the protagonist’s family. In the second refrain, the dad is being contrasted with the suit ‘Anthony-Squires-Coolstream-Summerweight’ and the kids are supposed to be ‘straight off the Junior Department rack’. The Advertising Jargon utilized passes on a feeling of realism inside the family, as though life is being offered to the hero. For instance, when the kids were depicted as being ‘straight off the Junior Department rack’ was utilized to show that the kids needn't bother with names, sex or portrayal (aside from the garments they are wearing was what everybody their age wore) as all the family pondered was the way to resemble every other person to the degree where they were no different. Dawe depicted the family as though they were not become yet purchased and built as families were no different to the hero.

Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools Free Essays

Kids ought to be permitted to utilize their cell phones in class since they can fill in as ‘learning aids’, an investigation asserts today. Scholastics are approaching schools to reexamine bans on telephone handsets after preliminaries proposed that capacities, for example, adding machines, stopwatches and email can be ‘educational’. In any case, the call is sure to goad numerous instructors and guardians, who will be worried that students will be not able to oppose the impulse to put the gadgets to less profitable uses, for example, digital harassing or cheating in tests. We will compose a custom article test on Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now During a nine-month try including classes matured 14 to 16, students either utilized their own mobiles in exercises or the new age of ‘ smartphones’ which permit web association. They were utilized to make short movies, set schoolwork updates, record an instructor perusing a sonnet and time tries different things with the phones’ stopwatches. The cell phones likewise permitted understudies to get to amendment sites, sign into the school email framework, or move electronic documents among school and home. The examination by analysts at Nottingham University included 331 students in schools in Cambridgeshire, West Berkshire and Nottingham. ‘At the beginning of the examination, even students were frequently astonished at the idea that cell phones could be utilized for learning,’ Dr Elizabeth Hartnell-Young will tell the yearly gathering of the British Educational Research Association in Edinburgh later today. ‘After their hands-on understanding, practically all students said they had appreciated the task and felt increasingly roused. One educator told analysts that understudies like mobiles and they realize how to utilize them. ‘Using this innovation gives them more opportunity to communicate without waiting be continually supervised,’ the educator said. Notwithstanding, the report concedes that a few educators figure more prominent utilization of cell phones in schools could demonstrate hazardous. Expanded compulsion to take telephones having a place wit h the school was one concern. ‘I thought, well, four of these smartphones†¦ The most effective method to refer to Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools, Essay models Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools Free Essays Cell phones are amazingly useful after school when you’re voyaging home. Your parent/gatekeeper can get in touch with you in regards to family matters and furthermore after school on the off chance that you need to walk your parent can telephone you to ensure you’re secure. In like manner Mobile telephones additionally give security and assurance in the midst of hardship. We will compose a custom article test on Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now In the event that for instance you are at risk for some sort you can telephone somebody rapidly and unnoticeably. Furthermore if the kid disappears the police can follow the portable and guardians can monitor the Childs area. Additionally mobiles can help if there is a crisis; your folks can telephone you direct as opposed to calling the workplace which would take longer. This would be progressively viable in light of the fact that your parent can let you know precisely what’s going on as opposed to having a message gone to you. On the off chance that for instance your Gran was sick in clinic your mum or father and so forth could telephone or content you refreshes for the duration of the day. Mobiles additionally unites families â€They don’t appear to have a lot of time to spend together any longer because of extra time and after-school exercises, being able to speak with any of your relative helps uniting families. So also in the event that you overlook something significant like schoolwork or your lunch you can contact your parent/gatekeeper and they can drop it off. This would help when you have a significant article, for instance, due however you overlooked it at home. This would help ensure that all your schoolwork is on schedule and would help educators when they need to stamp schoolwork. In like manner on the off chance that you are unwell in school, you can telephone your parent to tell them. This would be useful in light of the fact that your parent would have the option to get you or can guide you. In addition cell phones could set aside cash since they could be utilized as number crunchers and can be utilized to record/compose notes. This would set aside a ton of cash on paper which would make the school more eco well disposed and cash could be utilized on other gear rather than just adding machines which can be found on all telephones, in spite of the fact that instructors would need to oversee and confide in students not to wander from the assignment. Another advantage would be that students can record significant dates in their telephone to help with significant cutoff times and tests. A last explanation is that mobiles could be utilized for a wide scope of instructive purposes, including making short motion pictures, setting schoolwork updates, recording an instructor perusing a sonnet and timing science tests. Mobiles which can associate with the web, likewise permitted understudies to get to modification sites, sign into the school email framework, or move electronic documents among school and home. Specialists have guaranteed that utilizing a versatile additions children’s certainty in light of the fact that the innovation is recognizable to them. Instructions to refer to Should Mobile Phones Be Allowed in Schools, Essay models

Christian Perspectives on Euthanasia Essay

Christian Perspectives Roger Crook catches the Christian point of view on willful extermination by offering the conversation starter regarding how we care for the withering. What do we accomplish for the individual who is torpid with no desire for recuperation How would we care for the in critical condition individual whose residual days are progressively tortuously excruciating? The Human being isn't just a natural element yet an individual, in the picture of God and Christ. Demise denotes the finish of a personhood in this life. Scriptural lessons deny slaughtering; the Sixth Commandment states ‘You will not kill’ †both as far as murder and automatic homicide. Life ought not be damaged, while the denial of executing is by all accounts an ethical supreme of Christianity there are special cases for fighting and self-protection. There are models in the Bible where the penance of life is viewed as temperate ‘Greater love has no man than this: That a man set out his life for his friends’ The Bible doesn't restrict all taking of life in all conditions, in spite of the fact that Christians have customarily thought to be taking one’s own life to not be right Roman Catholic Perspectives At the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, the Roman Catholic Church denounced wrongdoings again life ‘such as a homicide, annihilation ,premature birth, willful extermination or wilful suicide’ Life is hallowed and a blessing from God, ‘which they are called upon to safeguard and make fruitful’ To end a real existence restricts God’s love for that individual, and rejects the obligation of an individual to live as per God’s plan. In a similar statement, the Roman Catholic Church clarified that it wasn't right to approach somebody for a helped demise, and that an individual can't agree to such a passing: â€Å"For it is an issue of the infringement of the perfect law, an offense against the poise of the human individual, a wrongdoing against life, and an assault on humanity’ The sort of independence that John Stuart Mill contends for is dismissed by the Roman Catholic Church. We essentially don’t have that opportunity, since we are made by God to cherish God. An unmistakable contention is made about misery and its job in Christian religious philosophy. Jesus passed on in torment on the cross, and human enduring toward the finish of life interfaces us to the enduring that Jesus felt. This doesn't imply that Christians should decline to take painkillers or ought to effectively look for torment, yet it grants enduring the chance of positively affecting the person. It gives the change that the person in question may develop nearer to God. Thomas Wood composes that enduring can appear to be aimless, is horrendous and is rarely looked for, it isn't the most exceedingly terrible fiendishness †it tends to be an event for profound development and it can effectsly affect those in participation. It can have significance with regards to an actual existence lived in confidence. Protestant Perspectives Liberal Joseph Fletcher is a functioning backer of the patient’s ‘right to de’ on the premise that Christian confidence accentuates love for one’s individual person, and that passing isn't the end for Christians. Demonstrations of consideration may grasp willful extermination, for example when an individual is biting the dust in misery, as a reaction to human need. Fletcher’s contention for willful extermination is basically based around four focuses: 1. The personal satisfaction is to be esteemed over organic life 2. Demise is a companion to somebody with an incapacitating ailment 3. Every clinical mediation place human will against nature and unprecedented methods 4. Unique gear and pointless medical procedure are not ethically required for an individual who is in critical condition People are set up to ‘face demise and acknowledge passing as desirable over consistent languishing over the patient and the family’ There is no differentiation bet ween our reaction to an enduring creature or human. There is no distinction among inactive and dynamic killing as the outcome is the equivalent. Moderate Spoken to by Arthur Dyck †he figures a demonstration of generosity can bring about pulling back treatment yet not accomplishing something effectively to achieve passing. Allowing a few demonstrations of dynamic willful extermination, for example, on account of harshly incapacitate kids, is by all accounts making a class of people who are treated as less esteemed. He contends that an intellectually hindered kid isn't passing on, isn't in torment a can't decide to kick the bucket. â€Å"Since slaughtering is commonly off-base it ought to be kept to as limited a scope of special cases as possible’ While leniency is an ethical commitment, murdering is never as kindness. The term kindness slaughtering is a logical inconsistency and when we utilize the term to legitimize the murdering of the debilitated or the intellectually awkward, we neglect to think about the most penniless in the network, which is a basic good obligation. Dyck’s see is with regards to customary Christian idea, and most Christian scholars, which holds that dynamic, direct assistance in the taking of human life is precluded. While deliberate killing, obstinate by a sane, legitimately skillful individual, has ben allowed by certain scholars, dynamic willful extermination in which the individual assumes no job, has been censured by most of Christian masterminds. The moral ways to deal with the issue taken by Christians now and then mirror a move from general standards to explicit applications (the holiness of life to the denial of willful extermination) and furthermore on occasion the worry about the corrupt idea of people and their shakiness at using sound judgment using ‘right reason’

Write Your College Admissions Essays

Write Your College Admissions Essays August 7 Now is the time to write your college admissions essays (photo credit: Gavin Huang). Its August 7th. Now is the time when rising high school seniors should be working on their college admissions essays. From the Common Application Personal Statement to the many supplemental essays required of so many highly selective colleges, working on these admissions essays is a whole lot of work. Each essay must be powerful. Each essay must inspire an admissions officer to want to go to bat for an applicant. Each essay must shed insight into who an applicant is, into what makes them tick, and into what theyre all about. They should be a window into their world. The very best college essays are about small moments. They dont try to tackle big issues. They dont try to incorporate a students activities and accomplishments. Thats bragging. And bragging in college admissions essays is a definite thing to avoid. If you choose to wait to start writing your college essays until September or October, youre going to be very stressed. Youll be inundated with schoolwork then from studying for school exams to writing papers to maybe preparing for your last Subject Test exams or SAT or ACT administration. That is not the ideal time to be working on your college essays, which may well be the single most important pieces of writing youll ever write in your life. What are you doing now that you cant be working on them? Watching TV? Doing some research during the day? Shooting some hoops? No more excuses. Its time to get started. If youre interested in Ivy Coachs assistance with your college admissions essays, we recommend that you contact us at once as now not later is the time to roll up your sleeves with these essays. We start with reading to you essays of our former students who gained admission to the college(s) of their dreams. It helps us brainstorm topics for your essays with you. Itll help you come up with an idea to bounce off us. Or vice versa. Then, we go back and forth with revisions until we believe each essay is in outstanding shape for submission so that you have the best odds of getting into the college(s) of your dreams. The essays are a huge part of your applications, and powerful essays can make all the difference between a rejection and an acceptance! Contact Ivy Coach today  to get started working with you on your college admissions essays. We look forward to hearing from you!

20 Italian Baby Names That Begin With F

Hillbilly Elegy Analysis - 1175 Words

1. I have mix feelings about this article. I do not agree with this article, but the part I do agree with this article. The reason I disagree with this article is that not everybody needs the army to be disciplined and to go to college. Even though It does help to pay for college. Is it worth to join the army, just so you can go to school? When people come back from the war, they are suffering from the post-traumatic stress disorder. Anyone can be whatever they want to, they just need put in the work. I agree with this article because where you grew up, you must travel hundreds of miles to find a prosperous. You can not let where you were born to define your fate. If you want to go somewhere in your, you are going to have to take some†¦show more content†¦Understand someo0ne behavior and appearance, that is acceptance of cultural goals and how to pursue the goals. You can understand why someone use method to teach, persuade, or force to comply with what they believe or d oing. You can use class culture to explain deviance, conformity , and social control. They use class culture to understand why people do or show themselves as someone they are not.They can use class culture to get different culture s to persuade someone or make a choice for the person. They do not give people a chance to make up their own choices. Some people might say deviance, conformity, and social control has some socialization in it. Because it helps people to think and appear however way they want to and think like no one. 3. Deviance is defined by modes of action that do not conform to the norms of value held by most member s of a group or society. Forms of behavior that are highly esteemed by one group are regarded negatively by others. I think labeling theory is the reason why crime rates are so high. An approach to the study of deviance that suggests people become deviant, because of the label that was put on them of behavior by political authorities and others. Labelling theory assumes that no action is really criminal, but may become so through the cycle of laws and their understanding by police, courts. Some parts of labeling theory consider some acts such as murder, rape, and robbery areShow MoreRelatedHillbilly Elegy Analysis938 Words   |  4 Pagesglorify the good and ignore the bad in ourselves.† (20) J.D. Vance introduces his readers to a world which many didn’t know existed, the world of white working class people, known as hillbillies, living in Rust Belt towns. Vance gives an inside look by telling stories of his life that are common circumstances in the hillbilly society. But as he says in the quote above, humans, no matter their race, background, or hometown, have a tendency to stretch the truth. Often we avoid putting ourselves or thoseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Hillbilly Elegy Essay1776 Words   |  8 Pagespoorest white American which describes themselves as hillbillies as they reside in the eastern Kentu cky. In his personal analysis of culture in crisis of hillbillies, J.D. Vance tries to explain, in his memoir, Hillbilly Elegy, what goes on in the lives of people as the economy goes south in a culture that is culturally deceptive, family deceptive, and in a community, whose doctrine of loyalty is heavily guarded. Like every poor Scot-Irish hillbilly in his community, Vance came from being poor, likeRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hillbilly Elegy1029 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Analysis The memoir Hillbilly Elegy, written by J.D. Vance, is the remarkable story of a young man’s challenges of growing up in poverty. The book focuses on the difficulties that come along with living in Appalachia, and the family issues that go on as well. Living in poverty introduced Vance to a world filled with toxicity and violence. This unhealthy environment caused Vance to develop a conflict within himself, making him struggle with his self-identity. In Hillbilly Elegy, Vance usesRead MoreAnalysis Of Hillbilly Elegy1023 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom the Appalachia mountain area throughout the book. By reviling his accounts and struggles, he opens the eyes of the readers who view these individuals as lazy, inbreed, rednecks, buy giving them a glimpse of his life struggles. The book, Hillbilly Elegy was a simple story of a poverty-stricken boy who grew up surrounded by negativity. The author took notice of all the people, events, failures, and his surroundings and use these to h elp mold him into who he is today. He would use the mentorshipRead MoreAnalysis Of Hillbilly Elegy1050 Words   |  5 PagesHillbilly Elegy Final Discussion The final reading of Hillbilly Elegy starts with J.D applying to law school. This was J.D’s goal, and I was so happy that he was about to achieve this. I found it interesting that J.D did not apply to Stanford Law School because to be admitted, you need a letter of recommendation from the dean from your undergraduate school. Vance did not apply because he didn’t know the dean from Ohio State. I think this says a great deal about how Vance views outsiders. I feelRead MoreAnalysis Of Hillbilly Elegy1430 Words   |  6 PagesSince the first page of Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance, perseverance is prevalent. No matter what comes J.D. Vance’s way he always works through it. There are many ways people respond to the adversity in life, and there are many ways people respond each distinct time. Perseverance has been key in my life, not just J.D. Vance’s; I would argue every person in this world as well. Whether it be in the military, like Vance, school, sports, or a job, there is no hiding from adverse situations. J.D. VanceRead MoreHillbilly Elegy Analysis2115 Words   |  9 PagesThe book Hillbilly Elegy, A Memoir of A Family And Culture In Crisis written by J.D Vance is not like anything I have ever seen or read about. Vance begins his book by introducing the most important people around him, his family. Mamaw, Papaw and his sister Lindsey were his biggest support system and in many cases, his safe haven. In Middletown, Ohio where Vance spent the majority of his childhood was described as a town that didn’t have much money nor opportunity. What I learned from Vance was thatRead MoreHillbilly Elegy Analysis1240 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Mamaw and Papaw were teenagers back in 1947, they got married and it was the beginning of a long and adventurous marriage. In the first seven chapters of Hillbilly Elegy by J.D. Vance, Mamaw and Papaw have a very unique relationship. Mamaw and Papaw are somewhat abusive towards each other due to Pap aw’s drinking problem. Not only Mamaw and Papaw’s relationship suffers because of their behavior, their family as well is very dysfunctional because of Mamaw and Papaw’s relationship. Many violentRead MoreAnalysis Of Hillbilly Elegy By Jd Vance1600 Words   |  7 Pagessought after by professionals all over the world. Developing these three skills can be a difficult process, however when all three are present in a person, that person can become a valuable asset for any company or business. In JD Vance’s memoir, Hillbilly Elegy, we see how he develops these important traits throughout his life. Through his struggles and victories, we the reader learn that no matter the situation you are placed in, you can succeed if you develop 3 important skills- those being persistenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Evicted By Matthew Desmond, And Hillbilly Elegy1370 Words   |  6 Pagesby Matthew Desmond, and Hillbilly Elegy, by J.D Vance, these problems were brought to the forefront in their own unique way. Evicted focused on the lower class level of urban poverty in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The people that were highlighted in this book were struggling to make ends mee t every month, and keep food on the table. Many of the families that we read about were evicted countless times, and struggled to stay out of local homeless shelters. Hillbilly Elegy focused more on the struggles

English The Dominant Language

Question: How English develops in the world is no business whatever of native speakers in England, the United States, or anywhere else (Widdowson, 1994:385). Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain why? Discuss the implications for English Language Teaching. Answer: Undoubtedly, English has become the dominant language in the world. It is gradually given to various names and symbols, such as Lingua Franca, World English, International Language and Standard English. It is beyond only a language. Experts and scholars put lots of effort to discuss, analyze and argue the importance, transformation and function of it. Kachru (1985) use his Three Circles to elaborate the amount of people who use English. In the Inner Circle only 375 million users are the native speakers who are the norm-providers. Roughly only one out of every four users of English in the world is a native speaker of the language . However, the three out of the four users follow the Standard English which is defined by the native speakers. Widdowson (1994) expressed the idea in a very telling manner when he writes It is a matter of considerable pride and satisfaction for native speakers of English that their language is an international means of communication. But the points is that i t is only international to the extent that it is not their language Jenkins 2011). The role of language in todays increasingly globalized world is complex Windschitl et al. 2012). The realization that the majority of the uses of English occur in contexts where it serves as a lingua franca, far removed from its native speakers linguacultural norms and identities, has been an important leitmotif in this discussion (Seidlhofer 2006). Yet at the same time, while the number of native English speakers by some accounts is decreasing slightly, non-native English speakers are dramatically increasingly in number (Liu 1999 cited by Stroupe 2010), and decreasing in age (Graddol 2006 cited by Stroupe 2010). As many suggest, English continues to gain prominence through economic, diplomatic and media activities (Graddol 2006 cited by Stroupe 2010). In addition, because of the importance of English in the temporary era, many people emphasize higher and higher on English. It has become not only the main means of communication in the world, but also a compulsory subject from element ary schools to universities (Kachru 2011). In this paper, I would like to discuss my former working context after I graduated from the university in Section II. In section 3, there is the elaboration of one of Englishs identities- lingua franca and the discrimination and prejudice towards different accents. World Englishes will be discussed in section IV. The debates and contrast of Native English Speaker Teachers (NESTs) and Non-Native English Speaker Teachers (NNESTs) are detailed presented in section V. Also, I would take my personal experience as the example in this section. The following one is the argument based on Widdowsons The Ownership of English (1994:385) and how non-natives follow Standard English norms. In the last section, VII, are the conclusion and implications of TESOL. After I graduated from university, I have worked in a Foreign Language Center, which is called the English Generation Language Institute in Taipei, Taiwan. The subject I have taught is TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication) and it is divided into four sections, listening, speaking, reading and writing. The age of students is between eighteen to twenty-five years old. Their English comprehension is intermediate. The average number of students in my class is fifteen. Only in speaking section should I use all-English to teach. Teaching English is a significant task which generates a number of the rewards. The teachers may feel proud as they are teaching the students or learners a different way of life. When you are teaching English, you are contributing towards the international society by miniting a new orator to the English language, a person converse with people worldwide and across the cultures. The learners of the English language maybe the business people, immigrants, artists or students, who share their love of learning the language. To teach the English to students as a second language is that we are sharing the tools to students, which they require to take the new ventures and reach their own dreams (Cohen 2014). When the speaker from a foreign country or non-native English speaker learns English, they can create a deal of potential inspiration and success in life of a person. To create a positive space of English learning, one should have a positive attitude, courage and dedication. Without the attitude factor, one may get frustrated for a long time to learn the language and may be they give up the effort to learn English (Moskovsky et al. 2013). English is a Lingua Franca In this era, English has become more and more essential worldwide. It is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (Firth 1996: 240). People who are not the native speakers and go to other countries for business trip or vacation always need to use English to have communication with local people or their business partners if they do not know the local language. English has become the official language in the world (Bolton 2004). Take my country, Taiwan, for instance, English is a compulsory and essential subject from elementary school to university. When a learners English score is not high enough, it is hard to enter better or ideal university. Moreover, before students graduate from the university, they must pass the English test (GEPT, TOEIC, IELTS, TOEFL). It is because English is a Lingua Franca, the English learning system in Taiwan need to esta blish for letting children have contacted this language since they are little. Another example is that most companies in Taiwan have business with countries all over the world, such as Japan, Russia, Thailand and Germany. There are many languages among these countries, but English is the chosen one. People use English no matter in doing business, formal conferences or sport events worldwide. English is being shaped at least as much by its non-native speakers as by its native speakers (Ljosland 2011). It is been spoken by a lot people, so different accents has appeared, such as Japanese, Thai, Spanish and Russian accent (Cogo and Pitzl 2013). According to Jenkins interview participants (Jenkins, 2009), there are five extracts are typical of the ambivalent and conflict comments they made (Jenkins 2009). They are Taiwanese, Japanese, Italian China and Polish English speakers. Based on Kachrus (1985) three circle, they belong to the Expanding Circle, and they are norm-dependent (Kachru 1985). Four of them want to be like a native-speaker and been taught like that. Only the China English speaker wants to keep his identity. He does not think that having the American or British accent is necessary. Generally, there is a stereotype towards different English accents. The questionnaire respondents made extremely pejorative comments about the accents they perceived as furthest from native English accents, particularly China English, Japanese English and Russian English accents. For example, the Japanese English accent was described as weird and menacing, the China English as quarrel-like and appalling, and the Russian English as he avy, sharp, and aggressive(Jenkins 2009). I am not so shocked that the questionnaire respondents used these negative words to describe different accents. It is because when I was in the university, my professor who has the standard British accent told us if English learners has weird accents, others would judge them badly, consider they are bad in English and even have discrimination towards them. In formal or informal ceremonies, if the speaker use the strange English accent to deliver the speech, listeners would easily put the stereotype on him. For some people, they cannot fully understand the Japanese English accent. These questionnaire respondents reflect the normal perspectives that common people have (House 2013). Nowadays the economy has become globalized and most of the persons have to interact with people across culture. In those economies significance of learning the second language is self-evident. You can communicate with the lands you may never considered to do business by learning a second language. It will help one to address the customers in that particular language which they will better appreciate, and also in which those persons are more comfortable in corresponding. As for diversity of cultures of the world and in the global community, there is importance of learning the second language is highlighted (Bean 2011). In todays world, an individual can access the vast information from the variety of customs of the world. The world of English speaking people has access to all the information, or else lots of information will be beyond their reach. This is the main reason English became popular as second language. English is now widely spoken as a second language suppressing other languages. Even people nowadays speak English as their first language. For this, there is a great demand of learning English classes as English is used as the gateway of knowledge, culture and commerce of the world (Chang and Liu 2013). The initiative of learning English with the speakers from a foreign country or the non-native English speaker can be constructed a great compact of both potential and havoc inspiration. By this initiative, one can get the success in his or her life. To be very specific, for creating a personal positive space in learning English as the second language, one must have many positive attitude, dedication and courage. The attitude factors aside, effort and work are also concerned in learning English. At least without any sense of the happening what will happen at the end of learning English, the language learner could be possibly grown frustrated and might quit the work and effort to learn the English. In addition to it, the prospective student and learner of English may perhaps well be acknowledged by the discordance among the friends and family. The family and friends encouraged the students to study in the home country of the student in his or native language and go along with the custom. However, in case one person determined to learn English and has the personality that has an attitude of English learning, then that person must take the risk and task to learn English in a very serious mode and ignore those persons who wants the students to take another way. The student or learner of English may explain the significance of learning English for the success in the economy globally with their loved ones. They also should explain the significance of the school in English-speaking country. The above are all the suitable motives of learning English. Attitude of English speaking includes the dedication, a desire, the courage and the intelligence to alter the life circumstance of one. World Englishes (WEs) WE belongs to everybody who speaks it, but it is nobodys mother tongue (Jenkins 2011). Based on Kachrus three circles (Kachru 1985), the Expanding Circle which is norm- dependent includes over a billion people who are English users. They follow the norms which native speakers have already established. The only possible area of controversy that I can see here, then, is that some WE scholars may not consider Expanding Circle Englishes as legitimate varieties on a par with Outer and Inner Circle varieties (Jenkins 2009). Yano, for example, argue: In Japan, English is not used by the majority, nor is it used often enough for it to be established as Japanese English (Jenkins 2008). This mean Japanese has their own English system. That is, this kind of English is called interlanguage or learner-English (Jenkins 2009). Every country or area has its own English; therefore, it reflects Rajagopalans (2004) opinion that WE belongs to everybody who speaks it. Undoubtedly, English is a Lingua Fra nca, International Language or World English (Brutt-Griffler 2002). However, it is not only the task of native speakers to study English for their purposes. Nonnative speakers of other varieties should also shoulder the responsibilities to establish a world standard if they use English as an international language (Shi 2011). People, who speak English or use English as the main communicative way are more than the native speakers are (Cho and Brutt-Griffler 2015). In my opinion, English is not only a Lingua Franca, World English or need to be native-like standard, it needs to be regional standard and fits the needs of students. Bolton (2004) opined that three interpretations of the expression World Englishes are possible. First, the umbrella label serves like the label cover all the diversities of the English worldwide. There are different approaches that explains and evaluates the English worldwide. Secondly, English used in a very constricted sense, which is referring new Englishes in Asia, the Caribbean and Africa (Kachrus outer circle). And thirdly, the English thet is used to symbolize the approach of pluricentric to learn the English connected with Kachru and his teammates. This approach sometimes referred to as the Kachruvian approach, even though substantial overlapping is present between the second analysis of the expression and this approach. The first exercise is occasionally represented by the other terms which includes the global English(es), World English (i.e., in the singular) and international English(es). The second approach is commonly signified by the terms including institutionalised, i ndigenised, nativised, and new English or Englishes as a foreign or second language. Instead of the variety of explanations of the term World Englishes and its alternates, however, there is a strong relations between them, and the pasture now so well established, that there appears to be a little uncertainty over the proposed reference. NESTs vs NNESTs When it comes to standard English, native speakers will pop out to our mind. No matter in which level of the educational system in Taiwan or other countries, NESTs is the first choice that learners hope to learn from. Medgyes (1992) used three possible dimensions to discuss the compare and contrast between NESTs and NNESTs. The first dimension is NESTs versus NNESTs. Learners always consider NESTs are superior to NNEST and can acquire more English knowledge and information from them (Ma, 2012). If language competence were the only variable of teaching skill, a NEST would by definition be superior to his or her non-native colleague (Medgyes 1992). However, the only thing that NESTs can say they are superior to NNEST is their language proficiency. On the other hand, NNESTs can be English learners model since they are also the learners of English, they understand learners need and the problems that learners will encounter (Lee and Cho 2015). In contrast, though NESTs can act as perfect language models they cannot be learner models since they are not learners of English in the sense that non-NESTs are (Gurkan and Yuksel 2012). The advantage of NNESTs are they have the same mother tongue as their learners. Non- native teachers have on the grounds that they know the target language as a foreign language, shar e with their students the experience of what it is like to try and make it their own, often through the same first language/ culture filter and can represent relevant role models for learners. (cf. e.g. Braine 1999: Brutt Griffler Samimy 1999; Kramsch 1998; Medgyes 1994; Rampton 1990; Seidlhofer 1999). Even though I am not a native-speaking teacher, I know better the weaknesses of my students than native- speaking teachers and sometimes if I find out they cannot understand when I explain more difficult grammar or concept in English, Iwill explain again in Chinese. I agree with Medgyes, (1992) said the statement that The more proficient in English, the more efficient in the classroom is false. Both NNESTs and NEST have the equal chance of achieving professional success (Medgyes 2012). The second dimension is NNESTs versus NNESTs. A non-native's superiority over a fellow non-native can only be ascribed to his or her superior English-language competence (Medgyes 1992). Generally speaking, in most of the high schools in Taiwan, the English teachers are all non-natives. How to compare and say which teacher teaches better is equal to say which one has the better proficiency in English. According to Medgyes (1992) opinion, all other variables being equal, so 'The more proficient in English, the more efficient in the classroom' is a valid statement. Because I used to work in the Foreign Language Center, some courses need to be conducted in both Chinese and English. At this time, learners will choose which NNEST has better English proficiency (Gordon 2012). The third dimension is NESTs versus NESTs. The English proficiency is not related to this dimension because there can be no differences between native speakers in terms of their LI competence (Medgyes 1992). The only aspect learners can compare is their proficiency in the learners mother tongue. So the statement Medgye (1992) kept using needs to be modified into 'The more proficient in the learners' mother tongue, the more efficient in the classroom'. When I was the student in university, all my professors who are native speakers can speak Chinese. Some of them speak it very well, but they seldom use Chinese to explain hard concepts for that we are all students in English Department. If they work as private tutors or in the Foreign Language Center, they are superior to many other NESTs. Who Owns English? Learners in different countries have been taught to speak like native speakers. Having standard American or British accent is the ideal goal of English learning. If people in formal occasions speak English with strong accent, they probably would be considered as bad in English. Also, we evaluate peoples position and status by their English accent. In my country, Taiwan, parents emphasize higher and higher in English, so they sent their children to bilingual kindergarten. These kindergartens clearly indicate that there are foreign teachers who have standard American or British accent. Lots of children have started to learn English since they are only 5 years old. In Taiwan, a student can realize why they must learn this language which is a WE. The standard English means that people who are non-native speakers need to speak like native speakers. No one can deny that language teaching in general, and ELT in particular, historically evolved around the notion of the native speaker . We En glish teachers do our best to use the standard norms to teach English learners. However, based on Kachrus three circles , over a billion users belong to Expanding Circle. The whole idea of native speaker has been rendered somewhat blurred . It is not important to speak like a native speaker. English is gradually transferred into fitting the local needs. When two non-native speakers are talking to each other, the most important thing is that they need to understand each other. On the other hand, when one non-native speaker is talking to a native speaker, maybe the evaluation appears. The non-native speaker would be judged by his accent or the words he uses, whether they fit into the standard norms. Sometimes, the judgment would be so critical, strict. Nevertheless, I think this condition would happen less and less because of the globalization. Although Chinese speakers are a lot in the world, Chinese is not chosen as a foreign language to communicate. When foreigners use Chinese to a sk me question in Taiwan, I am surprised and forget all about the accent he/ she has. The priority is the understanding of each other and the expression is clear enough. It is hard not to have accent when people speak a foreign language. Not only English but also other language does have the same condition that learners have to follow the standard norm when learning it. In Widdowsons perspective, language provides the means for communication, expresses a sense of community and represent the stability of its culture. Because of the higher emphasis on English, some native speakers might consider themselves as the center. Everyone needs to mimic their accent and follow their norms. When the native speakers claim that the purpose of standard English is for clear communication, they should also see that clear communication is an international one . They should realize that due to globalization, WEs is a language spoken across the world . The concept of standard should be changed. Widdowson holds a positive attitude towards the power of and possibilities for non-native speakers of English to own the language in a reasonable way . Different places establish a system and the certain norm of English of their own. All cultures must be immersed into an international basin before true communication can be realized . Any of the culture or languages cannot be sai d whether it is good or bad. However, language is not neutral since it carries its customs and culture. English learners can use English to convey their culture to the world. In Widdowsons perspective, no one really owns English and can say it is his mother tongue. How the English expands on the world is not a business whatsoever of the native orators in the United States, England, or anywhere else. The native speakers have no cry in the matter of expansion of English, as well as they have no right to interfere in the matter or pass any comment or judgment. The native speakers are irrelevant. No nation can have or asked for the custody over the language as English is an international language. To grant any of the custody of the language to any particular country is necessarily detains the development, by which one undermine its international status. The native speakers of Englishmust be proud and they should be satisfied about the fact that the language uses as an international way of communication. However, the main point is that as the language is not from their native place and not their mother tongue, to that extent only the language is international. English language is not the possession of one country which they can lease out to others, while they retains the freehold. Implications for English Language Teaching and Conclusion In this paper, my main point is that I agree with Widdowsons statement that How English develops in the world is no business whatever of native speakers in England, the United States, or anywhere else. This statement fit into contemporary trend. Kachrus (1985) three circles clearly points out most of the English users are not native speakers. They set up their own English system. However, some learners or non-natives are still caught in the myth of Standard English. We cannot deny that English is the dominant language in the world and is a lingua franca. Nevertheless, the Inner Circle has the standard on while the Expanding Circle has its own norms of English. In Taiwans English educational system, students understand why they should learn a language which is irrelevant to them. However, the teachers are often confused on whether they should follow the standard English norms to teach the students only language or introduce the culture or even manipulate it into the mind of students. From Widdowsons arguments about Standard English, we English teachers in Taiwan should infer what is happening to English language worldwide. We need to think about what types of English we should introduce to our students not only focus on following the standard norms. I do not mean the accent is not important and having strange accent does not matter even though learners are proficient in English. In common points of view, accent plays a decisive role. We do not want learners are discriminated by their accent. It is significant to discuss that the study of second language acquisition does not imply that there are no inferences, which can be drawn from second language acquisition to the related regulation of language teaching. For example, acquisition of second language resulted to speaking and not to its cause. The speech given by one cannot be trained directly, but appears on its own as the result of constructiing competence by comprehensible input. If the input is unstated, the necessary grammar is provided by the teachers. The several models agree that it as a feature with important implications for the individual (Lepp-Kaethler and Drnyei 2013). Authors differ each other in terms of its correlates and/or antecedents, as well as in how it might be reviewed. With respect to the language learning, the individual would have several approaches that could be applied to the language learning, ideas about its meaningfulness, value, and implications, expectations of one person about what one ca n or cannot be achieved, and the significance of several personality distinctiveness in the learning process (Ary et al. 2010). English is trained as the second or foreign language throughout the Taiwanese education system, yet Taiwan has slipped its position in the world rankings. The gestures of teaching English in the classroom are the combination of many factors. Previously, the researches focus on specialised areas which helped gaining an insight into a part of the psychology of the language learners (Rubin 2014). The areas discussed above are the motivation, learning a second or foreign language, anxiety in the foreign language classroom and language learning strategies. Individually, the researchers were guided by these factors over the years. But these instruments and factors have been proven measures. It is time to combine these factors together and seek to reveal more of the holistic picture of foreign language acquisition (Mitchell et al. 2013). The questions about the teacher education and teaching arises when one discussed about the World Englishes. While in the Expanding Circle, a person could ask the kind of English or which types of English must be taught. In case a teacher is teaching Taiwanese students about using English in a learning institution in the USA, then they should teach the American English. If the students have the goal to communicate across the cultures, then the teachers must teach English in that way, so that the students would be able to tolerate/understand more accent and varieties through the revelation. Awareness must be formed and the strategies of cross-cultural communication must be studied. It is of extreme significance that the teachers should develop a superior tolerance of dissimilarities and alter their outlooks in accordance with the settings. In English teachers training section, the focus should not put on being like native speakers but also their own proficiency in English. The NNESTs should enhance their knowledge towards English world and accept different English cultures. The NESTs need to improve their knowledge about their learners. Owning Standard English is not enough for English learners. I contend that English language teachers should convey that do not hold theperspective that standard English is always the best to learners. Also, the curriculum cannot be fixed. It needs to fit the change of English trend since language change happens naturally, and it is inevitable and unpredictable. Within the field of TESOL, I dont think NNESTs or NESTs is better than the each other. Both group of teachers serve equally useful purposes in their own terms . Reference: Algeo, J. and Butcher, C., 2013.The origins and development of the English language. Cengage Learning. Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Razavieh, A. and Chris Sorensen, C., 2010. Introduction to research in education: Cengage Learning. Bean, J.C., 2011.Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom. John Wiley and Sons. Bolton, S.C., 2004.Emotion management in the workplace. Palgrave Macmillan. Braine, G., 2013.Non-native educators in English language teaching. Routledge. Cable, T., 2013.A Companion to Baugh and Cable's A History of the English Language. Routledge. Chang, C.H. and Liu, H.J., 2013. Language learning strategy use and language learning motivation of Taiwanese EFL University students.Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching,10(2), pp.196-209. Cho, H. and Brutt-Griffler, J., 2015. Integrated reading and writing: A case of Korean English language learners.Reading in a Foreign Language,27(2), p.2. Cogo, A. and Pitzl, M.L., 2013. English as a Lingua Franca.International Journal of Applied Linguistics,23(3), pp.396-396. Cohen, A.D., 2014.Strategies in learning and using a second language. Routledge. Gordon, J., 2012. THE NNEST LENS: NON NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS IN TESOL. Ahmar Mahboob (Ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010. Pp. xvii+ 349.Studies in Second Language Acquisition,34(03), pp.518-519. Gurkan, S. and Yuksel, D., 2012. Evaluating the contributions of native and non-native teachers to an English Language Teaching program.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,46, pp.2951-2958. House, J., 2013. Developing pragmatic competence in English as a lingua franca: Using discourse markers to express (inter) subjectivity and connectivity.Journal of Pragmatics,59, pp.57-67. Jenkins, J., 2011. Accommodating (to) ELF in the international university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.926-936. Jenkins, J., 2011. Accommodating (to) ELF in the international university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.926-936. Kachru, Y., 2011. Contexts and Relevance for Language Education.Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning,2, p.155. Lee, Y.J. and Cho, H.S., 2015. Promoting Collaborative Teaching between NESTs and NNESTs in English Classrooms.Studies in English Education,20(1), pp.87-112. Lepp-Kaethler, E. and Drnyei, Z., 2013. The role of sacred texts in enhancing motivation and living the vision in second language acquisition.Christian faith and English language teaching and learning: Research on the interrelationship of religion and ELT, pp.171-188. Ljosland, R., 2011. English as an Academic Lingua Franca: Language policies and multilingual practices in a Norwegian university.Journal of Pragmatics,43(4), pp.991-1004. Ma, L.P.F., 2012. Strengths and weaknesses of NESTS and NNESTs: Perceptions of NNESTs in Hong Kong.Linguistics and Education,23(1), pp.1-15. McKay, S.L., 2012. Teaching materials for English as an international language.Principles and practices of teaching English as an international language, pp.70-83. Medgyes, P., 2012. The NNEST Lens: Non-native English speakers in TESOL.ELT journal,66(1), pp.122-124. Mitchell, R., Myles, F. and Marsden, E., 2013.Second language learning theories. Routledge. Moskovsky, C., Alrabai, F., Paolini, S. and Ratcheva, S., 2013. The effects of teachers motivational strategies on learners motivation: A controlled investigation of second language acquisition.Language Learning,63(1), pp.34-62. Nation, I.S.P., 2013. Teaching learning vocabulary. Richards, J.C., 2015.Error analysis: Perspectives on second language acquisition. Routledge. Rubin, J., 2014. Teaching Languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Learning Strategies.The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Shi, G., 2011. A critical analysis of Chinese courtroom discourse.International Journal of Speech Language and the Law,18(1), pp.157-160. Tabors, P.O. and Patton, O., 2014. One Child, Two Languages: A Guide for Early Childhood Educators of Children Learning English as a Second Language.Education Review//Reseas Educativas. Tuomey, E., 2014.Discussing writing: peer feedback on writing essays in an online forum for learners of English(Doctoral dissertation, Lancaster University). Windschitl, M., Thompson, J., Braaten, M. and Stroupe, D., 2012. Proposing a core set of instructional practices and tools for teachers of science.Science education,96(5), pp.87

Race and Racism free essay sample

Racism, this simple word conjures up images of abhorrence and suffering. Brother hating brother because of the colour of their skin. Whole ethnicities of people discriminated against because they are different, and the discriminators are not taking the time to understand them and their culture. There is a book called â€Å"Racism, a very short introduction† by Ali Rattansi, in this essay I will justify that this book is superior to the book â€Å"Black in Latin America† by Henry Louis Gates in explaining racism to me. Both books do a sufficient job of explaining racism from a technical analysis and a historic point of view, but I feel that Rattansi has provided an enhanced understanding of racism and how society arrived at that conclusion. These are the reasons why: 1) Rattansi does not restrict himself to one geographic area (the Caribbean) as Gates does. 2) Rattansi discusses a number of definitions connecting science and racism. We will write a custom essay sample on Race and Racism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Rattansi 2007: 2) 3) Gates talks mostly about his experiences in various cultures as they relate to his travel through various countries around the Caribbean. (Gates 2011: 2), while Rattansi covers broader topics that are not limited to his personal views and experiences. This essay will explore those reasons and expand on them while defeating the counter arguments against this point of view while educating the reader about the implications of creating an anti-racist society. In the first argument Rattansi looks at racist themes from all different places around the world. For example one area of focus is anti-Semitism, he talks about how the Jewish people are not loyal to any one country but to the Jewish faith all together and that instills fear from Europeans who are loyal to their country. (Rattansi 2007: 56) Rattansi taught us about the 18th century English people and their views on the native Indians from India. The English brutally took over their lands and imposed a foreign culture on them, despite the way that they felt; they adopted native dress and married Indian women. (Rattansi 2007: 47) Also discussed in Rattansi’s book was about the symbolism that occurred in the European Middle Ages. Christianity made the association between darkness with filth and evil, and light which was associated with purity and goodness. This could be seen as the earliest form of racism, judging someone based on their appearance. (Rattansi 2007:17) In chapter 8 the reader learns about British Immigration Policy around the 1940’s, Britain encouraged the immigration of Black and Chinese people for labour purposes. This lead to a â€Å"coloured minority† population explosion. (Rattansi 2007: 151-152) Sadly most of these people were given back breaking labour with little pay and horrible working conditions simply because of the colour of their skin. Secondly Rattansi’s book explores the science behind racist ideals. Eugenics is the study of race, which was supported by â€Å"Social Darwinism†. Basically Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest is reflected here, inferior cultures and races should be supressed or bred out to support only the superior â€Å"master race†. (Rattnasi 2007: 54) Scientific Racism is based on genetics and how each race is different to each other based on their genetic and phonotypical variation. (Rattansi 2007: 72) One study even went as far as to measure the heads of black persons and compared them with heads of white women; both were considered inferior compared to the head of a white male. However scientific racism was deemed as nonsensical and lacked creditability. (Rattansi 2007: 74) The last argument is that Rattansi covers a broader range of topics relating to racism ranging from the Greeks to the medieval era to Immigration in the US and even the case of Enoch Powell and his denial of being a racist. (Rattansi 2007: 93) He looks at the history of racism and provides details behind events leading to discoveries and theories behind them. This essay will now provide a counter argument in favor of Gate’s book for all points listed as my thesis. The first argument is about geographic area, while Gates writes mostly about his experiences in Latin America and the Caribbean he does expand his scope to Africa where the majority of slaves (11. 2 million) were taken from. (Gates 2011: 2). Another point was about how European people emigrated from various countries to provide services of â€Å"whitening†. (Gates 2011: 10) Rattansi did an excellent job of covering racism from a scientific perspective, but in Gate’s defense, he covered the classification of skin colours from all the different countries he visited. That is an aspect of science, botanists and explores have to scientifically classify their discoveries usually using Latin names. A complete list of each country and the way that they distinguish various skin colours ranging from very light to absolute black can be found in the appendix. (Gates 2011: 223) In the argument of broad topics not relating to personal experience can be won by looking at how Gates covers the culture and history of each country’s people. In Haiti he talks about Vodou, (Gates 2011: 157) in Brazil they have Capoeira, which is a martial art disguised as dancing. (Gates 2011: 24-25). Mexicans have their folk hero, a comic book character named Memin Pinguin. African-Americans were outraged claiming that the character was a racist portrayal of blacks, but the Mexicans loved him. (Gates 2011: 82) This just proves that there are many things that Gate’s explains that are not based upon his personal thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Both books by Gates and Rattansi have explained their positions on race, class, and those who would discriminate against them. I have observed a common theme that both books portray, which is the implication of fighting racism. I believe that it is educating other people about various cultures, races, and ethnicities. Knowledge is the best way to overcome prejudice, and xenophobia. Both books educate the reader about how we as a society are biologically the same. We have families, passions, cultures, and the right to life free from fear. Although there has been a rise in support for neo-fascists in the last decade of the 20th century, there needs to be a movement to end it. (Rattansi 2007: 164) In this essay we have looked at three reasons why I feel that Rattansi’s book has best explained racism to me. We also divulged into a counter argument in the favor of Gate’s book, and looked at the implications of fighting racism. In conclusion the author of this paper would like to suggest some ways to fight racism and abolish it like the way that slavery was abolished in Brazil in 1888. (Gates 2011:16) Education may be the best way to overcome the ignorance that is a main part of racism. One can look at the scientific reasons behind skin colour, which darker pigments evolved as a result of the climates that people lived in, and that human blood types have no co-relation with skin colour. (Rattansi 2007: 74) Taking action against racism can be done by using common sense, embarrassing those with racial beliefs, writing blogs about equality and fairness, and refusing to patronize businesses that promote racism and hatred. Fighting racism can also be accomplished right in your own backyard, if you hear a discriminatory joke coming from a family member, co-worker or friend; stand up to them and mention its inappropriateness. Educate your children that the world’s population comes in many colours and cultures, take them to cultural events and restaurants. It is up to you, gentle reader, to fight racism however you can and make the world a better place.

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa

A Very Short History of Chad, Africa Brief History of Chad Chad is one of several potential sites for the cradle of humankind in Africa following the discovery of seven-million-year-old human-like skull, now known as the Toumaà ¯ (Hope of life) skull. 7000 years ago the region was not as arid as it is today cave paintings depict elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, cattle, and camels. People lived and farmed around the shores of lakes in the north central basin of the Sahara. The indigenous Sao people who lived along the Chari river during the first millennia CE were absorbed by the Kamen-Bornu and Baguirmi kingdoms (which stretched from Lake Chad deep into the Sahara) and the region became a crossroads for the trans-Saharan trade routes. Following the collapse of the central kingdoms, the region became something of a backwater ruled by local tribes and regularly raided by Arab slavers. Conquered by the French during the last decade of the 19th century, the territory was declared pacified in 1911. The French initially placed control of the region under a governor-general in Brazzaville (Congo), but in 1910 Chad was joined to the larger federation of Afrique Équatoriale Franà §aise (AEF, French Equatorial Africa). It was not until 1914 that the north of Chad was finally occupied by the French. The AEF was dissolved in 1959, and independence followed on 11 August 1960 with Francois Tombalbaye as Chads first president. It was not long, unfortunately, before civil war erupted between the Muslim north and Christian/animist south. Tombalbaye rule became more brutal and in 1975 General Felix Malloum took power in a coup. He was replaced by Goukouni Oueddei after another coup in 1979. Power changed hands twice more by coup: to Hissà ¨ne Habrà © in 1982, and then to Idriss Dà ©by in 1990. The first multi-party, democratic elections held since independence reaffirmed Dà ©by in 1996.

EU Integration and Citizenship Law Dissertation

EU Integration and Citizenship Law - Dissertation Example EU is, however, a work in progress and while it is done with such tasks as border control and economic integration, the Union has to move on to the more difficult areas – home affairs, immigration, defense, among others – which have strong social dimensions. As more and more states aspire for EU membership to partake of this umbrella of protection, its further enlargement poses new challenges to European integration. For one, the nature and histories of the possible candidates for new membership are unlike any of the existing member states. The problem becomes even more complicated after EU approved the Maastricht Treaty establishing the Citizenship-of-the-Union law, which many perceive as an attempt to reconfigure and supersede the national citizenship and identities of member states. This EU-wide citizenship statute has stimulated an acrimonious debate about the social, political and citizenship structure of an enlarged Union. In essence, the debate centers on whether it is wise for EU to make forward steps to strengthen European citizenship or keep it as a largely theoretical proposition. Should people under EU be called European citizens and in the process forget their original British, French, or Turkish citizenships, as the case may be? Or should they be allowed to assume a new EuroEuropean citizenship on top of their respective national identities? This paper examines the relationship between EU integration and the implementation of the new citizenship law for Europeans. Special attention will be given to the causes and effects, the pros and cons, and the conceptual basis of identity formation on the community, national and regional levels. The objective of the treatise is three-fold: 1) illumine the reasons for the enactment of the EU citizenship law and its relevance to the integration process; 2) assess the validity of the objections to the idea of European citizenship; and 3) determine what form and characteristics of European citizenship would find greater acceptance. 2. Enlargement and Integration Further enlargement is a necessity for EU because it would serve to strengthen the Union's capability to maintain the balance of peace in the continent1. As the Union counts more member states, it becomes stronger in the process. The earliest nucleus of EU was composed of Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Ireland, UK, Luxembourg and Netherlands. They were joined by Greece in 1981 and Portugal and Spain in 1986. Austria, Finland and Sweden followed in 1995. The year 2003 saw the accession of a group consisting of Cypress, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, while

Bhopal Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bhopal Disaster - Essay Example Regardless of the overall loss of life or the nature of the explosion that caused the subsequent release, the pertinent business issue associated with such a horrifying event is seeking to determine culpability for the tragedy. As such, this essay will discuss overall culpability as well as seek to define where ownership begins and culpability ends. Before delving into such a topic and seeking to weigh economic costs and benefits, the author of this piece feels incumbent to reiterate the sheer scale of this disaster so that the reader might not in any way seem to misunderstand that this analysis has not taken into full account the suffering and loss of life that such a careless and poorly managed disaster has effected on countless rural and working poor in Bhopal, India (Bloch 2012). As such, although this analysis will seek to determine the overall level to which a business entity should be held responsible for a tragedy of epic proportions, such an analysis will seek to address bot h moral and ethical issues associated with the Bhopal crisis without merely focusing on the positive and negative business factors that could affect such a decision. Only days after the Bhopal disaster, CEO of Union Carbide was testifying before the United States Congress exalting the â€Å"commitment to safety† that Union Carbide has exhibited in the past and plans to exhibit in the future with reference to ensuring such an incident would never occur again. Ultimately, Union Carbide agreed to pay over 300 million USD to the victims of the Bhopal disaster as a means to attempt to evade any further litigation surrounding the matter. However, due to the sheer size and scope of the Bhopal tragedy, such a sidestep was impossible (Kripalanin 2008). Eventually, the legal ramifications of the Bhopal disaster forced Union Carbide to divest itself entirely of its Indian holdings and sell of the remainder of its operations within the subcontinent. As such, many individuals, both within India and within the remainder of the world thought that a likely end to the legal wrangling surrounding the Bhopal incident would likely draw to a close. However, this was not the case. Due to the sheer size en horror of the incident, it remained indelibly seared onto the minds of the populace and government entities within India. As a function of this, when DOW chemical bought some of the components that originally constituted Union Carbide in 2002, many officials within the Indian government as well as human rights activists that had closely monitored the legal back and forth between Union Carbide and its affiliates in the wake of the disaster began to make immediate demands upon DOW chemical to don the mantle of responsibility for the disaster (Ali 2012). Eager to have a recognizable MNC at the helm of the now defunct portions of Union Carbide, many believed that DOW should be responsible for the final remediation and civic responsibility associated with the Bhopal disaster. At the risk of sounded calloused and with a long and storied reputation to uphold, DOW chemical found itself at a severe impasse. Rather than outright denying the claim and risking alienating key shareholders within one of the fastest growing markets in the world, DOW found itself

Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain Essay Example for Free

Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain Essay Raytheon Company has created new software that improves the logistics system of the company by providing constant tracking data of all products in the inventory, which has saved the company nearly $9M. MTrak is a web-based system that includes the Microsoft . Net technology, which is used to capture bar-code scans and combines it with information from the mainframe computer to provide tracking of all inventories anywhere within the company. A lot of stuff got lost, company had to have multiple people sitting by the phones to take the calls asking where the parts were. The creation of MTrak brings Raytheon online with its competitors in the industry. While the system does not create a competitive advantage to Raytheon, it does negate the disadvantage of a bad supply control system. The creation of MTrak contributes to the entire value chain by tracking the products from the beginning of the chain at Inbound Logistics, through Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, through to the end of the chain at Service. The Technology and Competitive Forces The major problem at Raytheon was lost inventory. The suppliers were not to blame because they were able to account for every piece of property they supplied through their fully automated supply chains. From the beginning, the goal was to create a system that would track all materials used by Raytheon such as resistors, capacitors and customized computer chips from the time of order through receiving, testing, placement in inventory and final use in a military field radio, handheld motion sensor or some other Raytheon product . Whenever Raytheon received calls for a missing delivery personnel would physically search the area to see if the product was still there. In some cases, if the item couldn’t be found the employees would reorder the item so production schedules could be met.. The MTrak is a web-based system that includes such technologies as Microsoft . Net and Biz Talk 2004. These technologies, which captures bar-code scans and other information on incoming deliveries, combine it with other information from the mainframe system such as purchase-order inventory, anufacture-scheduling data. The integration of the MTrak and mainframe computers is possible through the use of software provided by WRQ Verastream. This system lets employees track the status and movement of parts throughout the entire company from a web browser. Competitive Forces-Value Chain The Value Chain consists of five Primary Value Chain Activities and four generic categories of support activities. The primary value chain activ ities are supported by the generic categories. In this case the primary chain activities that are being supported are the Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, and Marketing and Sales. The supporting category is Technology Development. Raytheon created this technology in-house with publicly available software. Even though integrating the software into the daily business of the company did not create a competitive advantage, Raytheon was able to save money in many areas including lost inventory, delayed production, and outsourcing software development. Supporting the Company The MTrak tracking system provides a state-of-the-art software package that provides Raytheon with the means to track its entire inventory throughout the entire company from a web browser. This technology improves the value chain of the entire company. Though the use of this technology, Raytheon will be on a level playing field with other companies in the industry. It may even spur Raytheon an advantage in the future as the company continues to grow.

Langston Hughes and Religion Essay -- African American Poets Poetry Li

Langston Hughes and Religion Langston Hughes in several poems denounced religion, inferring that religion did not exist any longer. In reading these poems, the reader canes that Hughes was expressing his feelings of betrayal and abandonment, against his race, by religion and the church. Hughes had a talent for writing poems that would start a discussion. From these discussions, Hugh es could only hope for realization from the public, of how religion and the church treated the Black race. Hughes wrote two poems that generated a lot of discussion about religion and African-Americans. One was â€Å"Drama for Winter Night (Fifth Avenue),† the other was â€Å"Goodbye Christ.† Once when Hughes was asked about religion, he responded, â€Å" I grew up in a not very religious family, but I had a foster aunt who saw that I went to church and Sunday school† (qtd. In Emanuel 914). Even though Hughes grew up attending church and Sunday school he could see how religion and churches treated his race. This is evident in â€Å"Drama for Winter Night (Fifth Avenue)†. The poem begins: You can’t sleep here My good man, You can’t sleep here. This is the house of God. The usher opens the church door and goes out. (1-5). In doing this, the usher of the church on â€Å"Fifth Avenue,† abandoned someone less fortunate in order to maintain a good appearance. This â€Å"house of God,† which should be opening its doors to give a he lping hand, turns away a man in need of help. Hughes shows betrayal in the same poem, when the less fortunate man asks St. Peter if he can stay. St. Peter replies, â€Å"You ca... ...nt of the Black race by religion and the church. I feel Hughes was successful in this endeavor. Hughes sums his whole perspective of religion, the church and the Black race, when he told a reporter, â€Å"Religion is one of the innate needs of mankind. What I am against is the misuse of religion.† (qtd. Emanuel 914). Works Cited Berry, Faith. â€Å"On Hughes’s Repudiation of ‘Goodbye Christ.’ â€Å" Meyer. 916-17 Emanuel, James A. â€Å"Hughes’s Attitudes toward Religion.† Meyer. 914-15. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Drama for Winter Night (Fifth Avenue).† Meyer. 891: ---. â€Å"Goodbye Christ.† Meyer 898-99. Meyer, Michael. ed. â€Å"Langston Hughes (1902-1967).† The Bedford Introduction to Literature 4th ed. Boston: St. Mart in’s Press,1996. 883-89. Meyer, Michael. ed. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. 4th ed.Boston: St.Martin’s

1984 and V for Vendetta Comparing and Contrasting Essay

George Orwell’s 1984 and the movie V for Vendetta both have similar views on how society is being run. Since The book 1984 was written before V for Vendetta, so perhaps V for Vendetta may have based some of its ideas on this book. Both 1984 and V for Vendetta have similarities like the way the themes and how the male protagonists are the one in charge of overturning the government. The first similarity between 1984 and V for Vendetta is that the society is being run by totalitarian rule. It is the government that controls the lives of the people and how the society should be run. In 1984, ‘Big Brother’ aka the Inner party, is the figure that keeps an eye on the people and uses telescreens to watch their movement while in V for Vendetta; ‘Leader’ aka Adam Susan, is in charge of England, its people and the Norsefire party. Another thing is that both factions have secret police. The jobs of the secret police in 1984 and V for Vendetta are basically the same as they spy for the government and try to capture people who are against the government. The people are being controlled by the leaders of their country to make sure they behave themselves and not try to rebel. The contrast between 1984 and V for Vendetta for the totalitarian rule are a bit different. In 1984, the government, more specifically the inner party, watches every move of the people and check carefully what they do while in V for Vendetta the government, more specifically the Norsefire Party, is a bit more lenient as they don’t set up cameras on the houses of every people but still set up cameras on public properties. The secret police are quite different in 1984 and V for Vendetta as in 1984, the secret police are deeply loyal to the inner party and don’t express their behaviours like in sexual desires unlike the secret police in V for Vendetta as in page 11, the secret police tried to attempt rape on Evey. Also in V for Vendetta, there are also normal police forces unlike in 1984. Freedom of speech, freedom of your owns thoughts and actions, the right to happiness. In our society today, we have all these rights, but imagine if we id not. 1984, written by George Orwell, and V for Vendetta, directed by James McTeigue, both paint accurately scary descriptions about the government in the future and the dystopian society. 1984, written in 1949, was intended to be a portrayal of the future and V for Vendetta, made in 2005, shows Britain in power in 2038. Both of these pieces of literature were not far off from their description. As every single year passes by, our own society starts to reflect images from these books. When the government has this much power over the people, the people rebel, but can they be a success or not? 1984, written by George Orwell, illustrates a perfect example of a dystopian government. The setting is in Oceania, Britain. The government is full of spies and secret police that carefully watch the common people for any mistake they might make that can harm the government in any way. As shown with Winston Smith, the protagonist of the novel and many other citizens in Oceania, the government manipulates these characters into their pawns. The government asserts their power over the people in many ways. They have large telescreens in the people’s houses. The telescreens show the government what people are doing at all times. It can be dimmed down, but can never be turned off. Although Oceania is well off in money, the government rations food. The government’s philosophy is that if the people are given too much to eat, then they will learn to think for themselves and will see all the atrocities that the government commits and rebel. All the records of the past have been omitted and destroyed and created all over again to fit the government’s beliefs and to show that the government is always right. Big Brother has its own secret police, the Thought Police the themes were similar but there were many differences as well. for example, the resistance in 1984 was subtle if it existed at all while the resistance in v for vendetta was violent and actively opposing the government through force.

Irish Immigrants and Their Struggles Essay - 816 Words

Irish Immigrants and Their Struggles Shelby Stauble ETH/125 3/21/10 Twyler Earl The Irish people left Ireland and immigrated to America to enjoy a better life, get away from the poverty and starvation that they were faced with in Ireland due to the potato famine. They face all kinds of discrimination and were forced to take the worst types of jobs, but they never gave up and kept fighting for their freedom. The Irish were brave, courageous, and hardworking and made it possible for all Irish to live happy and free lives in America. The Irish immigrated to the United States starting in 1820, more came after 1820 due to the potato famine which started in 1845, rotting of the potato crops†¦show more content†¦Putting them on a boat and sending them home would end crime in this country.†(para. 4). Although the Irish were put down by Americans they never gave up and continued to press on. They were discriminated against but stuck together which helped them survive in America. The Irish face all types of discrimination; for example, environmental justice issues, meaning they were placed in terrible environments, such as the shacks they lived in and the boats they were brought to America on. They faced redlining, meaning they were denied certain job position and were forced to pay a large amount of money for housing. They double jeopardy because they were Irish and catholic, the Americans saw this as two good reasons to treat the Irish poorly. The Irish faced institutional discrimination they were not given the same jobs and or opportunities that the average American was given because the American people felt as though the Irish were a terrible group of people. The Irish were given the worst jobs America had to offer and only because those jobs were the only ones offered to them. They faced class ceiling discrimination because the Irish were unable to move on to better positions at their place of work. The Irish were given the most terrible jobs and e ven though the American people thought the Irish were good workers they were still unable to move up inShow MoreRelatedTurmoil to Hostility in Ireland777 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the Irish people. Although through many struggles, the Irish prospered as a community. Starting in 1845 the Irish lost their main crop due to an unknown fungus then got uprooted to immigrate or died of disease. The Irish came to America searching for the American dream but only found hostility and unacceptance. This paper will cover troubles through the potato famine, the journey here and even how they were treated when they got to America. The potato blight, most known as the Irish potato famineRead MoreA Race United Essay919 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the first Irish immigrants landed on the eastern shores of America in the 18th century, they were met by intolerance from the Native whites who saw them as a threat to the American way of life. The Dangers of Foreign Immigration, an article written by Samuel Morse in 1835, exposits much of the anti-immigrant sentiment prevalent in the 19th century. To the natives, the Irish were simply niggers turned inside out (Anonymous Satirism), who came to America as refugees from Ireland to depriveRead MoreThe Journey From The Docks Of Liverpool905 Words   |  4 Pageson the ships. Usually, they would spend about 24 to 36 hours packed on the decks of cargo ships and unsheltered from the weather to arrive to Liverpool. From Liverpool, they board for Pennsylvania, New York, and Boston. The ships that carried the immigrants were called â€Å"coffin ships† because many grew s ick of cholera and died on the ship. The death rates were approximately 5-12%. For the journey, some passengers brought food such as a sack of potatoes. Often there was not much space to walk aroundRead MoreEssay about From Ireland to America1190 Words   |  5 Pagesall over the world. The Irish are the second largest group to immigrate to the United States, and they have left their mark on the American culture (Gavin 7). Kevin Kenny argues that â€Å"The Irish immigrants of the famine era were the most disadvantaged the United States had ever seen.† The Irish potato famine was caused by a fungus that caused the potato to rot in the ground. Between the years 1845 and 1850 over one million Irish died of starvation. Another one and a half Irish immigrated to other countriesRead MoreThe Immigration Of Asian American Immigrants Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, myriads of immigrants flocked to the U.S. seeking better job opportunities,or searching for religious freedom. U.S. citizens were fearful, envious, and willing to exclude immigrants who came to the US as they were viewed as an economic threat to the society. They believed that these immigrants were racially, morally and intellectually inferior to them and as such did not see or treat as their equals. These dysfunctions lead to severe and harsh treatment of immigrants. Historically, the threeRead MoreIrish Immigrants In Early America Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesnotorious potato famine, many Irish were moving across the Atlantic to America in hopes of a more prosperous, uncomplicated and trouble-free lifestyle. Irish emigrants looked at America to offer a higher standard of living through high wages and low commodity costs. With the myths of an easily attainable lifestyle existing in America, it is no wonder why later; there were so many potato famine-era immigrants that they established the basis for the significant Irish population and ethnicity in theRead More Summary of Gish Jens Whos Irish Essay547 Words   |  3 PagesGish Jen’s â€Å"Who’s Irish† tells the story of a sixty-eight-year-old Chinese immigrant and her struggle to accept other cultures different from her own. The protagonist has been living in the United States for a while but she is still critical of other cultures and ethnicities, such as her son-in-law’s Irish family and the American values in which her daughter insists on applying while raising the protagonist’s granddaughter. The main character finds it very hard to accept the American way of discipliningRead MoreImmigrants Do Not Have The Best Employment Opportunities998 Words   |  4 Pages Immigrants do not have the best employment opportunities in America because they also have to support family members back home, and because they live in ethnic neighborhoods, where for some immigrants it’s easy to assimilate to American culture. There is a perception of the American Dream where families can ge t access to resources, education, housing and employment. With that perception in mind, many immigrant groups have migrated to the United States. We will focus on two groups: the Irish andRead MoreThe Effects Of The Conscription Act And Emancipation Proclamation1184 Words   |  5 Pagesmurdered within two blocks of us, some being hung to the nearest lamp post, and others shot†. This carnage was predominantly sparked by the ratification of the Conscription Act and the mobility of freed slaves due to the Emancipation Proclamation. The Irish-Americans and African-Americans were competing for jobs; resulting in the biggest civil protest during war times in American history. The New York City Draft Riots of 1863, as stated by Albon P. Man Jr’s journal article, â€Å"Labor Competition and theRead MoreFarmworkers Daughter Essay examples1621 Words   |  7 PagesGuilbault describes what it means to grow up Mexican in America. Her narrative points to the dividing of identit y as well as the prejudices she and her family experienced in California. Her experience is both similar to and different from many of the immigrant groups that came to America before her. Throughout the novel, Guilbault portrays the dichotomy of holding on to her family’s Mexican heritage and cultural traditions while also trying to assimilate into American culture. She repeatedly describes